情态动词

时间:2015-05-09 03:42:12
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情态动词

情态动词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一,2005年全国17套高考试题对此都有考查。情态动词主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等,它在英语动词中属于最难把握的一类。

  情态动词,属于助动词的一种。首先我们来看看助动词。

概 说

  助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词有十三个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:

1) 构成否定式:

He didn't go and neither did she.

The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.

2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式:

Must you leave right now?

You have been learning French for 5 years, haven't you?

3) 构成修辞倒装:

Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.

Hardly had he arrived when she starte

d complaining.

4) 代替限定动词词组:

A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?

B: Tom can.

A: Shall I write to him?

B: Yes, do.

情态助动词的特征

  基本助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想:

What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义)

I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)

You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经)

  除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征:

1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式:

We used to grow beautiful roses.

I asked if he would come and repair my television set.

2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总总是位居第一:

They need not have been punished so severely.

3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式:

She dare not say what she thinks.

4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式、-ing分词和-ed分词形式:

Still, she needn't have run away.

5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间:

Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?

She told him he ought not to have done it.

6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用:

You should have washed the wound.

Well, you shouldn't be reading a novel.

情态动词

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