染雾英文法律文书的简明教程 篇一
英文法律文书的写作对于律师、法律从业者以及研究法律的学生来说都是必不可少的一项技能。在国际合作、法律交流以及国际商业活动中，使用英文撰写法律文书是非常常见的。本篇将为您提供一些简明的指导，帮助您写出准确、清晰、有效的英文法律文书。
首先，在写作英文法律文书之前，您需要明确文书的目的和受众。不同的法律文书有不同的目的，例如起草合同、法律意见书或法庭文件等。了解文书的目的有助于您选择正确的词汇和语法结构。
其次，清晰的结构对于法律文书的写作非常重要。通常，英文法律文书包括以下几个部分：标题、引言、主体段落和结论。
在引言部分，您需要明确文书的目的和内容概述。您可以简要介绍涉及的法律问题，提供背景信息，并明确您的立场或建议。
在主体段落中，您需要详细讨论法律问题，并提供相关的法律依据和案例分析。在写作过程中，尽量使用简洁明了的语言，并避免使用过多的法律术语。如果有需要，可以在文中解释这些术语的含义。
在结论部分，您需要总结您的观点和建议，并强调其重要性。您还可以提供一些可行的解决方案或建议，以便读者能够采取行动。
除了结构，准确性也是英文法律文书中必须注意的要点之一。使用正确的法律术语和准确的词汇对于表达您的观点和意图至关重要。确保您对相关法律条款、案例法和先例有充分的了解，并在文书中正确引用和解释它们。
此外，要注意语法和拼写错误。法律文书的准确性要求您避免任何语法错误和拼写错误，因为这些错误可能会导致误解或影响文书的可信度。
最后，建议您在写作英文法律文书之后，进行仔细的审阅和修改。确保文书的逻辑结构清晰、内容准确无误，并检查拼写、标点和语法错误。
总而言之，写作英文法律文书是一项需要专业知识和技巧的任务。通过理解文书的目的、清晰的结构、准确的用词和语法以及仔细的审阅，您将能够写出高质量的英文法律文书。
英文法律文书的简明教程 篇二
英文法律文书在国际业务和法律领域中扮演着重要的角色。撰写准确、清晰、有效的英文法律文书对于律师、法律从业者以及研究法律的学生来说是一项必备的技能。本篇将为您提供一些建议，帮助您提高英文法律文书的写作能力。
首先，明确文书的目的和受众。在写作之前，您需要明确文书的目的是什么，以及它将被谁阅读。这有助于您选择正确的词汇和语法结构，并确保您的观点和意图能够清晰传达给读者。
其次，构建清晰的逻辑结构。一个清晰的结构对于法律文书的写作至关重要。通常，英文法律文书包括标题、引言、主体段落和结论。在引言部分，您可以简要介绍文书的目的和内容概述。在主体段落中，您需要详细讨论法律问题，并提供相关的法律依据和案例分析。在结论部分，您需要总结您的观点和建议，并强调其重要性。
准确性是写作英文法律文书的关键要素之一。使用正确的法律术语和准确的词汇对于表达您的观点和意图至关重要。确保您对相关法律条款、案例法和先例有充分的了解，并在文书中正确引用和解释它们。
此外，要注意语法和拼写错误。语法错误和拼写错误可能会导致误解或影响文书的可信度。因此，在提交之前，务必仔细审阅和修改您的文书，确保它们没有任何错误。
最后，建议您积极学习和阅读优秀的英文法律文书范例。通过研究和分析优秀的文书，您可以提高自己的写作技巧，并了解行业的最佳实践。
总而言之，写作英文法律文书需要专业知识和技巧。通过明确文书的目的和受众、构建清晰的逻辑结构、保持准确性以及仔细审阅和修改，您将能够提高英文法律文书的质量，并成功传达您的观点和意图。
英文法律文书的简明教程 篇三
逗号的用法是正确运用标点过程中最复杂，最容易产生误解的问题之一。在一些情形中，存在着被广泛接受的用法。然而在另一些情况下，却有不只一种用法。学生常常认为，担心标点的用法有点可笑：毕竟，法律分析才是最重要的呀。但是，假如一个人申请一份工作或向上级提交书面报告，没有什么会比忽视标点运用基本规则更容易给人留下负面印象的了。毕竟，一位高级律师是决不会愿意去更正一位初级律师的逗号的用法的。
Comma usage is one of the most complex, and most misunderstood, questions of proper punctuation. In some cases there are widely accepted rules governing comma usage; in a few cases, there is more than one acceptable approach. Students often think it''s silly to worry about things such as punctuation: after all, isn''t the legal analysis what really counts? However, when one applies for a job or submits written work to a supervisor, nothing will leave a more negative impression than ignorance of the basic rules of punctuation. After all, the last thing a senior attorney wants to do is correct a junior attorney''s comma usage.
1.
当你用一个
When you begin a sentence with a phrase or dependent clause to introduce a subsequent independent clause, separate the clauses with a comma.
Incorrect: After many years as a criminal prosecutor she ascended to the bench.
Correct: After many years as a criminal prosecutor, she ascended to the bench.
Incorrect: Because the witness was unavailable the judge allowed the introduction of the testimony pursuant to an exception to the hearsay rule.
Correct: Because the witness was unavailable, the judge allowed the introduction of the testimony pursuant to an exception to the hearsay rule.
2. 用逗号分隔非限制性从句，但不要用逗号分隔非限制性从句。
非限制性从句告诉你关于句子主语的某些事情，但并不对其含义进行限定；相反，限制性从句对主语的含义进行限定。
Use commas to set off a nonrestrictive clause in the middle of a sentence, but not to set off a restrictive clause. Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about the subject of a sentence, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning. Restrictive clauses, on the other hand, limit the possible meaning of the subject.
ompare the following examples.
Correct Restrictive Use:
The suspect in the lineup who has red hair committed the crime.
Note how the subject "suspect" in this sentence is restricted in two ways: we know that this suspect is both in the lineup and has red hair. As a result, we know that the other suspects, who are not in the lineup, could not have committed the crime. Moreover, of those suspects in the lineup, we know that the one suspect in the lineup with red hair committed the crime. If there were more than one suspect in the lineup with red hair, the above usage would be incorrect because it implies a different meaning.
Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
The suspect in the lineup, who owns a red car, committed the crime.
In this example, the restrictive clause "in the lineup" tells us that of all possible suspects in the world, the one who committed the crime is in the lineup. However, while the nonrestrictive clause "who owns a red car" tells us something about the suspect, it does not foreclose the possibility that there are several different suspects in the lineup with red cars. The car color may tell us something useful, but it does not restrict us to only one possibility.
3.用两个逗号来分隔同位语或插入语。同位语是对它所跟随的名词进行描述的单词或短语，插入语告诉我们关于某个名词的一些事情，但对阐述该名词并不重要。
Use two commas to set off an appositive or an aside in the midst of a sentence. An appositive is a word or phrase that describes a noun it follows. An aside tells us something about the noun, but is not essential to defining the noun.
Correct Use with an Appositive:
The police chief, William A. Bendofsky, is an authority on the use of roadblocks to protect neighborhoods from drive-by shootings.
Correct Use with an Aside:
The pretrial phase of the litigation, like all pretrial work, lasted longer than the trial itself.
4. 用两个逗号，而不是一个，来分隔非限制性从句。
Use two commas, not one, to set off a nonrestrictive clause in the middle of a sentence.
Incorrect: The city, a polyglot of different races and religions provided many opportunities for cultural exchange.
Correct: The city, a polyglot of different races and religions, provided many opportunities for cultural exchange.
5.在过渡性的副词前加逗号。比较常用的副词有accordingly, furthermore, however, moreover, therefore, 和 thus。
Place a comma after a transitional word that introduces a sentence. The following are examples of commonly used transitional words: accordingly, furthermore, however, moreover, therefore, and thus.
Incorrect: Accordingly he granted the motion to dismiss.
Correct: Accordingly, he granted the motion to dismiss.
Incorrect: Moreover she convinced the judge that her client had been out of state at the time of the burglary.
Correct: Moreover, she convinced the judge that her client had been out of state at the time of the burglary.
6. 当用逗号来分隔列举的项目时，在名单的最后一个项目之前前的连词前面加逗号。有许多人并不这样做，虽然这种用法比较常见，但这种方式在某些情况下有可能会产生歧义。
When using commas to separate items in a list, place a comma before the conjunction that precedes the last separate item in the list, unless that last item is a compound term. Many people are taught not to place a comma before a conjunction preceding the last item in a list (such as, "red, white and blue"). However, while popular, this approach runs the risk of creating ambiguity in a number of situations. Consider the following.
Incorrect: The car was available in red, white, black and tan, and special-order colors.
上例中，如果车子有四种标准颜色可供选择，则逗号的用法不正确，因为这种用法使人以为车子还有一种复合颜色（black and tan）可供选择。但如果车子只有三种颜色可选，其中一种是复合颜色（black and tan），那么上述用法就是正确的。
If the car is available in four standard colors, then the above usage is incorrect, because it implies that black and tan is one, two-tone color option. However, if there are only three color options, one of which is black and tan, then the above usage is correct.
Correct: The car was available in red, white, black, and tan, and special-order colors.
上例中，放在连词and前的逗号使得读者很清楚，车子共有四种标准颜色的款式，避免了由于在连词and前不加逗号所产生的歧义。
The use of the comma before the first conjunction in this sentence makes it clear that there are four standard color options, avoiding the ambiguity created in the first example by the absence of a comma before "and tan."
7. 如果有两个形容词一起修饰一个名词时，使用逗号分隔这两个形容词。如果这两个形容词中的第一个形容词是用来修饰第二个形容词的，而不是修饰后面的名词，就不要用逗号分隔这两个形容词。
Use a comma to separate two adjectives that modify the same noun, but do not use a comma if the first of two adjectives modifies the second adjective, but not the noun. In considering this choice, ask yourself whether the two adjectives can be reversed. If they can, as in the first example below, separate them with a comma. If they can not, as in the second example below, do not use a comma.
Incorrect: The only approach to the city was by a long old highway.
Correct: The only approach to the city was by a long, old highway.
Incorrect: The suspect drove a light, blue truck.
Correct: The suspect drove a light blue truck.
In the second example, use of a comma would be incorrect, since "light" modifies "blue," and is therefore not part of a series of commas that modify the word "truck." However, on the off chance that the writer intended to write that the truck was light in weight as well as blue in color, then the first use would be correct. Thus, you can change the meaning of a sentence -- sometimes inadvertently -- by your use of commas.
8. 不要用逗号来替代引导词that。
Do not use a comma to replace the word "that."
Incorrect: The court decided, there is no constitutional right to a second appeal, except by means of a habeas petition.
Correct: The court decided that there is no constitutional right to a second appeal, except by means of a habeas petition.
Also Correct:
The court decided there is no constitutional right to a second appeal, except by means of a habeas petition.
In the second correct example, removing the word "that" from the sentence is acceptable because its absence does not confuse the reader. However, leave "that" in a sentence if removing it would create some doubt in the reader''s mind concerning what the writer meant to convey.
9.不要用逗号分隔一个句子的并列谓语，除非不加逗号会令人费解或是并列谓语的第二部分需要强调。
As a general rule, do not use a comma to separate the parts of a double predicate, unless the sentence would be confusing without it, or the second part of the double predicate requires special emphasis. A double predicate exists where the sentence has one subject and two verbs related to that subject. (Please read rule 10 of this section as well.)
Incorrect: The customer finished his meal, and paid the check.
Correct: The customer finished his meal and paid the check.
使用逗号分隔并列谓语来强调的例子：
Correct Use of Comma to Create Emphasis:
The defendan
t had been
[1][2]下一页
[1][2]下一页
英文法律文书简明教程（八）
employed as a cashier for twenty years, and never once was accused of stealing money from the register.
In the preceding example, the writer creates a greater emphasis on the defendant''s innocence by setting off the second part of the double predicate with a comma. Without the comma, the second thought seems like an afterthought.
使用逗号分隔句子避免歧义的例子：
Correct Use of Comma to Avoid Confusion:
The judge ruled that suppression of the evidence was required because it had been obtained illegally, and ordered the defendant released from prison.
In this example, the writer avoids confusion by using a comma to introduce the second in the series of compound verbs; without the comma, one might not be sure whether the verb "ordered" related to the subject "it" or the subject "the judge." By contrast, in the sentence above about the restaurant customer, the comma is not needed, because it is a simple sentence.
10. 当用连词连接两个独立从句时，在连词前加逗号。连词包括"and," "but," "or," "nor," 和 "yet"。
When joining two independent clauses with a conjunction, place a comma before the conjunction. Conjunctions include the words "and," "but," "or," "nor," and "yet."
Incorrect: The customer ate every piece of the apple pie and the waitress brought another pie.
Correct: The customer ate every piece of the apple pie, and the waitress brought another pie.
In the incorrect example, the reader may at first think the customer ate the pie and the waitress. In the correct example, the comma before the conjunction tells the reader, "Stop, another independent clause with its own subject (the waitress) is about to begin."
11.通常，在which前面加逗号，但不要在that前面加逗号。虽然有的作者习惯于用which来引入限制性从句，传统用法是用that来引入限制性从句，用which来引入非限制性从句。在引入限制性从句时，在that前不要加逗号，在引入非限制性从句时，在which前一定要加逗号。
Generally, use a comma before "which" but not before "that." Although some writers use "which" to introduce a restrictive clause, the traditional practice is to use "that" to introduce a restrictive clause and "which" to introduce a nonrestrictive clause. When writing a restrictive clause, do not place a comma before "that." When writing a nonrestrictive clause, do place a comma before "which."
Correct Restrictive Use:
The store honored the complaints that were less than 60 days old.
Correct Nonrestrictive Use:
The store honored the complaints, which were less than 60 days old.
These sentences have different meanings as well as different punctuation. In the restrictive sentence, the store honored only those complaints less than 60 days old, but not those over 60 days old. In the nonrestrictive sentence, the store honored all the complaints, all of which were less than 60 days old.
12. 在引号内加入逗号，不要在引号外面加，不论逗号是否是其所引用的引语的组成部分。一般的规则是，逗号，句号总是放在引号内，而其他标点，如问号，冒号，分号和感叹号都应该放在引号外面，除非他们原来就是所引用的引语的组成部分。
Place commas inside, not outside, quotation marks. Follow this practice whether or not the comma is part of the original quotation. The general rule is that commas and periods should be inside the quotation marks at all times, while all other forms of punctuation, such as question marks, colons, semicolons, and exclamation points, should be outside the quotation marks, unless they were contained in the original quotation.
Incorrect: The court held that "physical injury is not a required element of a sexual harassment claim", and the plaintiff went on to win her case.
Correct: The court held that "physical injury is not a required element of a sexual harassment claim," and the plaintiff went on to win her case.
13. 用两个逗号来分隔日期和地点。表述详细日期（年月日）时，或详细的地理位置（如国家，州，城市）时，在最后的项目前后加两个逗号。
Use two commas when setting off dates and places. When using a full date (month, date, year) or multi-part geographical designation (such as city and state or city and country), use two commas around the last part of the designation.
Incorrect: On June 28, 1974 Judge Hayes took her seat on the Supreme Court.
Correct: On June 28, 1974, Judge Hayes took her seat on the Supreme Court.
However: In June 1974 Judge Hayes took her seat on the Supreme Court.
Incorrect: Laredo, Texas was host for the 1994 World Rodeo Championship.
Correct: Laredo, Texas, was host for the 1994 World Rodeo Championship.
Incorrect: We arrived in Tokyo, Japan for the meeting of the G-7 leaders.
Correct: We arrived in Tokyo, Japan, for the meeting of the G-7 leaders.
[英文法律文书的简明教程]
